The Roaring Twenties Essays - Roaring Twenties, Jazz Age

The Roaring Twenties THE ROARING TWENTIES Americans, in the years following the end of World War I found themselves in an era, where the people simply wished to detach themselves from the troubles of Europeans and the rest of the world. During the years of the Twenties, the economy was prosperous, there was widespread social reform, new aspects of culture were established, and people found better ways to improve their lifestyle and enjoy life. The 1920's exemplified the changing attitudes of American's toward foreign relations, society, and leisure activities. Following the end of World War I, many Americans demanded that the United States stay out of European affairs in the future. The United States Senate even refused to accept the Treaty of Versailles which officially ended World War I and provided for the establishment of the League of Nations. The Senate chose to refuse the Treaty in the fear that it could result in the involvement of the United States in future European wars. Americans simply did not wish to deal with, nor tolerate the problems of Europe and abroad. There were many problems running rampant throughout the country following the conclusion of the war. One of the greatest problems which arose was the Red Scare which was seen as an international communist conspiracy that was blamed for various protest movements and union activities in 1919 and 1920. The Red Scare was touched off by a national distrust of foreigners. Many Americas also kept a close eye on the increasing activities of the Klu Klux Klan who were terrorizing foreigners, blacks, Jews and Roman Catholics. Once Americans put the war behind them, they were able to forget the problems of European affairs, and focus on the country, their town, and themselves. Americans found themselves in a period of reform, both socially and culturally. Many feared that morality had crumbled completely. Before World War I, women wore their hair long, had ankle length dresses, and long cotton stockings. In the twenties, they wore short, tight dresses, and rolled their silk stockings down to their knees. They wore flashy lipstick and other cosmetics. Eventually, women were even granted the right to vote with the passing of the 19th Amendment. It was up to this time period that women were not seen as an important aspect in American society. As if rebelling from the previous position of practically non-existence, women changed their clothing, their fashion, and even cut their hair shorter into bobs which were very similar to the style of men. The similarities were no mere coincidence, but an attempt of the w omen in American society pushing towards equality. Once the women had the right to vote with the passing of the 19th Amendment, they did not just sit back. The women of the 1920's strived for a position of equality for both men and women in society. Literature, art, and music also reflected the nations changing values. There were many famous authors, playwrights, musicians and artists which left their mark during the Twenties. Sinclair Lewis authored Main Street (1920), a book which attacked what he considered the dull lives and narrow minded attitudes of people in a small town. Another great author of the time was F. Scott Fitzgerald whose works included The Beautiful and Damned, and Tales of the Jazz Age. F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, exemplified the American Dream. The story shows the often misconception of the American Dream being a life of prosperity, parties, happiness, and utopian places. The book uncovers the characters' pursuit of this dream only to discover the American Dream as the American Tragedy. Many Americans who immigrated to the United States in the 20's were believing the same misconception, only to later find the hidden truth that the American Dream was not all what it was cracked up to be. One of the greatest American authors to emerge from the Twenties was Ernest Hemingway. Some of Hemingway's most noted works in the Twenties included Across the River and into the Trees, and In Our Time. Many of Hemingway's finest works presented the attitudes and experiences of the era's so called last generation. Americans had a hunger for news in the Twenties. Every day they would flock to the newsstand for the

Familial hypercholesterolemia Essays

Familial hypercholesterolemia Essays Familial hypercholesterolemia Essay Familial hypercholesterolemia Essay Introduction ( 2500 ) Familial hypercholesteremia ( FH ) is an familial familial defect characterized by a high low denseness lipoprotein ( LDL ) cholesterin degrees than normal in the blood. The status can be present from birth and can take to the early development of coronary artery disease and an increased hazard of Coronary bosom disease ( CHD ) if left untreated. ( Ned and Sijbrands, 2011 ) FH is caused by mutants in cistrons encoding cardinal proteins involved in the LDL receptor endocytic and recycling tracts, taking to decreased cellular consumption of LDL. ( REF ) Heterozygous FH is caused either by heterozygous loss-of-function mutants in the LDL receptor that mediates hepatic consumption of low denseness lipoprotein cholesterin ( LDLc ) or APOB encoding its major ligand ; more seldom, dominant mutants in PCSK9. ( Rader et al, 2003 ) A recessionary mutants in LDLRAP1 ( ARH ) cistron is besides known to impact the LDL-receptor tract. ( REF ) Presently, more than 1000 LDL receptor mutants have bee n documented worldwide. These mutants affect all functional spheres of the LDL receptor protein and include sliting mutants, transcript figure mutants and single-nucleotide mutants throughout the LDL receptor cistron. ( Usifo, Humpries et al, 2012 ) FH exhibits an autosomal dominant form of heritage with a cistron dose consequence. ( REF ) There is a 50 % hazard of a parent with an altered cistron reassigning it to his or her kid ( NICE, 2008 ) . It has been noted by Goldstein and Brown ( 1989 ) that heterozygous FH shows great variableness in phenotypic look. Moorjani et Al ( 1993 ) attribute the phenotypic fluctuation in heterozygous FH patients to the variableness of the implicit in mutant. Harmonizing to Kotze et Al ( 1993 ) , there are Other familial influences, which appear to act upon this variableness in phenotypic look such as apolipoprotein ( apo ) Tocopherol polymorphism. Furthermore age and sex may hold an consequence on the look of this disease harmonizing to Mabuchi et Al ( 1989 ) . Hill et Al ( 1991 ) besides identified smoke and high blood pressure as hazard factors for this status. Other associated lipid abnormalcies such as low HDL-C degrees, high TG degrees, high Lp ( a ) degrees identified by Seed et Al ( 1990 ) and the presence of type III dyslipoproteinemia identified by Hopkins et Al ( 1991 ) seem to play a important function in the variableness in phenotypic look. FH is now known to be the most frequent inherited upset taking to premature CHD in people of European descent ( Ned A ; Sijbrands, 2011 ) . The prevalence of heterozygous FH in the United Kingdom ( UK ) population is estimated to be 1in500, which means that about 110,000 people in the UK are affected. Harmonizing to NICE ( 2008 ) heterozygous FH persons in the UK have a greater than 50 % hazard of CHD by the age of 50years in work forces and at least 30 % in adult females by the age of 60years ( NICE, 2008 ) . The prevalence of heterozygous FH is nevertheless rare in Africans with no European lineage. ( REF ) However the state of affairs is different for the Asiatic populations particularly china, Japan and India, where it occurs even in those without European lineage. ( REF ) The prevalence rate, as indicated by Austin et Al, ( 2004 ) , is even higher in some geographically or culturally distant groups like the Gallic Canadian community of Quebec with 1 instance per 270 individuals , Lebanese with 1 instance per 170 individuals, Ashkenazi Jews with 1 instance per 67 in and South Africans of Dutch descent with 1 instance per 100 individuals due to the laminitis consequence. It is estimated by Berrade et Al, ( 2012 ) that there are about 10 million people affected worldwide and up to 80 % are undiagnosed. Homozygous FH is really rare but life endangering happening in 1 in 1 million and causes terrible cardiovascular disease in childhood. It is defined clinically by plasma cholesterin degrees transcending 13 mmol/L in grownups and 11mmol/l in kids with extended cutaneal or tendon xanthomas. ( REF ) Citkowitz ( 2013 ) has indicated that without intercessions affected kids every bit immature as 1-2 old ages are at hazard for early coronary events or mycardial infarction or even sudden decease by the age of 30 old ages. Accurate estimations of mortality rates for FH are presently non available nevertheless the comparative hazard of decease of FH patients non treated is between three and fourfold. ( REF ) : Curently, FH is massively under diagnosed worldwide, with less than 1 % diagnosing in most states. ( REF ) The few exclusions are 71 % diagnosed in the Netherlands, 19 % in Iceland, 43 % in Norway, 13 % in Switzerland, and 6 % in Spain. ( Steve E Humphries, 1989 ) There is merely 15-17 % of instances identified in the UK which suggests that there may be around 150 to160 people with undiagnosed FH per 100,000 population. ( Heart UK ( 2012 ) Traditionally an elevated sum blood cholesterin degrees in and clinical marks such as the presence of sinewy xanthomas and household history of coronary arteria disease ( CAD ) was the method used for diagnosing. ( REF ) There are several Flaws with this method. One of the jobs with this method was the inability to separate FH from other signifiers of hypercholesteremia such as familial faulty apolipoproytein B-100 which is clinically identical from FH. ( REF ) FH-positive patients in add-on may non hold sufficiently elevated degrees of cholesterin for clinical diagnosing and there is besides the job with the scope of serum cholesterin and LDL-C degrees which overlaps in normal persons and FH patients. Early surveies conducted on kids have shown misdiagnosis rates runing from 4.5 % to18.9 % when utilizing entire cholesterin or LDL-C cutoff points ( Leonard et al. 1977, Kwiterovich et al. 1974 ) In add-on, surveies have shown that sinewy xanthomas are non ever prevalent in FH patients and are seldom present until the 4th decennary of life. Therefore, the presence of sinewy xanthomas is non a dependable diagnostic standard, particularly in kids ( Austin et al. 2004 ) . In the Uk the diagnostic standards extensively used for the clinical diagnosing of FH is the Simon Broome Register Group ( SBRG ) . SBRG take into history that entire and LDL degrees and the fact that it differ for grownups and kids. The standard besides take history of grounds of dominant transmittal and the age of oncoming of coronary disease in the kindred. ( REF ) However due to the defects in the sole usage of clinical diagnosing, a alteration was made in 1994 and DNA-based mutant testing methods was besides added as sufficient for a definite’ diagnosing. ( REF ) SBRG identified DNA analysis and mutant designation utile peculiarly in state of affairss where clinical information is limited such as in the immature and because it besides provides the chance for simple designation of at hazard relations. ( Marks, 2003 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid diagnosing is now typically considered the gilded criterion for testing affected household members, but this presupposes cognition of the causal mutant in the household. ( Marks, 2003 ) If the mutant is non known, current methods of extended mutant testing for LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 are successful at placing the mutant in merely 50 % to 80 % of patients with definite FH by clinical criteria,7–11 although Civeira et al 6 study an designation rate every bit high as 88.5 % . ( Civeira et al ) Mutants among those with possible or probable clinical diagnosing are less often found. ( Hopkins, 2010 ) At present DNA mutant testing methods are comparatively expensive and ranges from between ?500 and ?1000 per patient in the UK. However, one time the causative mutant in the patient has been found, comparatively inexpensive molecular testing in relations is possible bing between ?150 and ?185. ( REF ) 1.1 Purposes and aims of the probe National Institute of Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) ( 2008 ) has issued guidelines which states that with consequence from September 2008, following the clinical diagnosing of FH, DNA proving should be carried out to corroborate the diagnosing and set up the precise mutant involved. Harmonizing to the recommendation placing instances of FH should be every bit early as possible and proposes that this should be before the age of 10 old ages. The verification of the diagnosing, should carried out in specializer lipoid clinics which includes patient guidance in order to originate cascade testing of relations which is now considered to be the most cost-efficient attack for designation of new FH topics. ( NICE ) ( 2008 ) Deoxyribonucleic acid testing, harmonizing to the guidelines should be the primary resource tool one time cascade testing of relations commences. Persons with mutants identified can so be treated to populate normal healthy lives with cholesterol-lowering drugs such as lipid -lowering medicines and alterations of life style made. Benefits from cascade proving enterprises to happen new instances of FH following Nice recommendations include a decrease in premature deceases from bosom disease and a decrease in long-run morbidity and its associated costs. ( NICE, 2008 ) Since the cost of effectual therapy is so low, a important economy could be made by the NHS in England, due to a decrease in CHD events and the cost of hospital admittances. NHS England’s position is that bettering FH sensing and direction is a worthwhile, cost and clinically effectual aim. ( NHS England, 2013 ) If sensing and direction of FH is improved, many lives will be saved, and many households will be spared the current inevitableness of life with, or deceasing from, premature cardiovascular disease. ( NICE, 2013 ) Bettering consciousness among healthcare professionals of the benefits of cascade testing and promoting coaction between Clinical Commissioning Groups CCGs and regio nal webs to implement cascade proving will better the designation of people with FH harmonizing to NHS England. ( NICE, 2013 ) Statistic show that if 50 % of the predicted relations of people with FH were diagnosed and received intervention, the NHS could salvage ?1.7 million per twelvemonth on health care for bosom disease and ?1.4 million per twelvemonth merely by implementing cascade testing. ( Heart UK ( 2012 ) Cascade proving in households with a known causative mutant has been carried out really successfully in the Netherlands over the last 15 old ages utilizing trained familial field workers. ( Neil, Humpreies, 2000 ) Universal showing of kids has frequently been suggested but has so far merely been implemented in Slovenia and at the age of 5. ( Kusters et Al, 2012 ) Heart Charities like The British Heart Foundation ( BHF ) and Heart UK are pressing the NHS to present cascade proving UK-wide and has allocated ?1.5 million in support to back up the debut of Cascade texting. ( BHF, 2013 ) Scotland Wales and Northern Ireland has successfully implemented comprehensive cascade proving but non England. Wales had 97 known FH instances but since the debut of cascade showing in 2010, it has identified 372 others from proving 1,141 people ( Denis Campbel, 2012 ) Harmonizing to Steve Humphries, professor of cardiovascular genetic sciences at University College London, England s failure to follow the 2008 recommendation from NICE to test full households will be missed chance and that trusting on GPs to descry patients with high degrees of harmful LDL cholesterin and mention them to an NHS lipid clinic for proving, which should place their FH, is unequal. He said: The best manner to restrict the harm caused by coronary bosom disease is to place those at hazard every bit early as possible. The greatest chance for such disease bar lies in naming and handling people with FH and testing their households. Humphries estimates that 101 cardiovascular deceases will be avoided for ever y 10,000 FH patients aged 30 to 86 treated with high strength lipid-lowering medicines to cut down their degree of LDL cholesterin. ( Denis Campbel, 2012 ) In order to implement cascade proving in the UK, a guideline development group was set up and several countries of contention that were discussed by the guideline development group [ 3 ] . ( What is this group about ) One major issue centred around the cost-effectiveness of different schemes for cascade testing, with wellness economic analysis [ 9 ] proposing that the handiness of DNA information well enhanced cost-effectiveness and decreased cost. Modeling found that the most efficient scheme was to utilize DNA proving where this was available, and plasma lipid measurings in the relations of all patients with both definite and possible FH ( by UK standards ) where no mutant ( or no proving ) was available. While it was recognized that this scheme was associated with a higher figure of relations being tested and therefore higher initial costs, it was found that this would besides increase the figure of identified FH relations and therefore the figure of quality adjusted life old ages that could be gained. For households where no mutant had been detected, age and gender-specific LDL-C and entire cholesterin cut-offs were recommended [ 10 ] , since the cut-offs used for the diagnosing of an FH patient in the general population are excessively high for relations with a 50 % anterior chance of holding the upset. Steve E Humphries There are assorted commercial kits available designed to prove for the most common mutants which includes the Elucigene FH20 and LIPOchip. However, in the UK, due to the extremely heterogenous nature of the population most of these attacks are non to the full effectual. The Elucigene F20 and Lipochip was evaluated cost efficaciously by NICE. Based on the findings from the analysis NICE ( 2011 ) concluded that the Elucigene FH20 and LIPOchip are non recommended for cascade proving relations of people with confirmed familial hypercholesterolaemia because targeted sequencing is less expensive and can be used for all relations with no loss in wellness benefits. ( why is it less expensive ) Randox laboratories has developed an FH biochip array systems offering coincident analysis of 40 familial mutants in FH with changing abilities for sample throughput, cost nest eggs and labour demands. ( Is this targeted sequencing, on what rule ) This survey will measure this FH 20 biochip array on an Evidence Investigator platform to observe the 20 common mutants in the Low Density Lipoprotein ( LDLR ) , Apolipoprotein B ( ApoB ) and PCSK9 cistrons in the UK. By testing mutant in these three cistrons in the UK, harmonizing to NICE ( 2008 ) , it is possible to place a causative mutant in up to 80 % of patients with the strongest clinical diagnosing based on the Simon Broome standards. The FH40 was evaluated at the Molecular Biology research lab of the Surrey Pathology services, following NICE ( 2011 ) recommended nosologies counsel for quickly and expeditiously following efficient and cost-efficient FH diagnostic engineerings in the NHS. The intent was to set up whether or non the FH20 from Randox laboratories is more likely to accurately corroborate a diagnosing at a sensible cost compared to a comprehensive familial analysis as an option in the south East cost strategic wellness Authority of England. It was besides to set up whether the FH20 can be cost efficaciously used to p rove relations of FH patients with no loss in wellness benefits. ( why is this necessary ) The cost effectual analysis was carried out utilizing NICE recommended attention tract for the designation and direction of FH. The cardinal elements of the attention tract include utilizing the combination of the Simon Broome standards for clinical diagnosing and a DNA trial for univocal verification. Children who have a parent with known familial hypercholesterolaemia should be offered a DNA trial if the household mutant is known harmonizing to NICE ( 2008 ) . Cascade proving of at-risk relations ( first- , second- and perchance third-degree biological relations ) is recommended utilizing a combination of DNA proving and measuring of LDL-C concentration. A high-intensity lipid-lowering medicine should be considered for people with familial hypercholesterolaemia with the purpose of accomplishing a recommended decrease in LDLC concentration of more than 50 % . Lipid-modifying intervention sho uld be considered for kids with familial hypercholesterolaemia by the age of 10, and initial intervention should be statin therapy. ( NICE, 2011 ) The aim of this survey is to develop sufficient grounds to back up the usage of this FH 40 biochip array engineering in the RSCH NHS molecular research lab to corroborate FH diagnosing and as portion of cascade proving with all the benefits of any other commercial immunochemical assay analyser in footings of throughput, cost, public presentation and easiness of usage. The Surrey pathology services provide pathology service for three NHS infirmaries and serve a population of about 1.2 million in the south east seashore strategic wellness authorization. The cost analysis was carried out utilizing nice bing templet. Cost effectiveness calculated as cost per life twelvemonth gained ( extension of life anticipation ensuing from intercession ) including estimated costs of testing and intervention. ( what are the benefits of this analysis ) This undertaking will organize an advanced move for the development of molecular biological science techniques in the field of lipid upsets particularly in primary hypercholesterolaemia. Once established, this specialized service can be offered at national and regional degrees. This will further heighten the quality and efficiency of patient attention, preventative medical specialty and guidance services to this potentially treatable instance of primary hypercholesterolaemia in footings of cut downing morbidity and mortality from premature atherosclerosis-related complications.

Textile industry in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Textile industry in India - Essay Example In this case, the paper has defined the Indian and Vietnamese textile industry’s macro-economic environment through a an economic analysis in order to illuminate the key factors that can be utilized to maximize the efficiency and competitiveness of the industry. Up to the point where the Indian economy was liberalized, the textile industry in the country was essentially disorganized. However, the industry has now risen to being the second biggest textile industry in the world; second only to China. In this way, textiles account for 38% of total exports in the country; therefore making textiles an industry of extreme importance upon which a great deal of India’s economic strength relies upon (Singleton, 2007, p. 22). Comparatively, the textile industry in Vietnam is one of its largest industries; as well as a key economic contributor. Textile exports from Vietnam, despite the economic difficulties facing the country, have continued to improve with present goals aimed at becoming the third largest textile exporter after China and India. The factors discussed in this paper affecting the Indian and Vietnamese textile industries such as political factors are vital since lack of stability would adversely affect it. Because the economies of Vietnam and India are dependent largely on the manufacture and export of textiles, which accounts for 29% and 27% of foreign exchange respectively, social and economic factors are also important as factors of influence (Nash, 2007, p. 21). Analysis of Macro environment in India & Vietnam Firstly, with respect to the GDP of these systems, the researcher can readily note that Vietnam represented a 2011 GDP of approximately 129 billion USD whereas India represented a GDP for the same period of approximately 1.85 trillion USD. Although the overall size of the Indian economy dwarfs that of Vietnam, this cannot be understood in and of itself as a defining factor or differential between the two. Ultimately, the extreme diffe rential in GDP can be understood as a function of the overall population differential that is extant between the two nations. Whereas India represents a population of well over 1.24 billion, Vietnam only boasts of a total population of around 88 million individuals. As a function of this differential, is it easy for the researcher to understand why the overall GDP differential is as expansive as it has been represented in the figures displayed. Comparatively, Vietnam has experienced a rapid rise in per capita income over the past decade. Whereas just a few brief years ago Vietnam struggled with massive amounts of poverty with many of its citizens earning less than 150 dollars per year, the rapid rise in the growth of Vietnam’s middle class and a high level of industrialization and trade has meant that the average per capita income has risen to nearly 1,130 per year by 2010. This rapid rise in the average per capita income in Vietnam can be attributed to a host of factors; how ever, for purposes of this analysis, it would not be unreasonable to assert that the rapid growth in the textile industry in Vietnam has been one of the main contributing factors to spurring economic growth and benefitting the overall quality of life for many

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example People decide to become an entrepreneur when they have sufficient capital in hand, the required resources and expertise available to them, as well as when they are ready to take risks because entrepreneurship can lead to both profits and losses depending upon the strategies adopted by the entrepreneur. Step 2: Developing successful business ideas Developing successful business ideas is the second step of the entrepreneurial process. There are numerous business ideas in the contemporary dynamic and technology driven market. In addition to the traditional variety of ideas that was always available to the entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs today can also choose between brick and mortar business and online business. It is advisable for the entrepreneurs to conduct a detailed market study before finalizing their business ideas. Step 3: Moving from an idea to an entrepreneurial firm Once the idea has been identified, the next step is to move it to an entrepreneurial firm. This is precisely the s tage when the entrepreneurs decide whether they have to establish a brick and mortar business, an online business, or a combination of both. ... in this step include identifying the target market consumers, studying their decision making processes, their motives and aspirations, designing of the product, identifying the suitable ways to develop it, and marketing the product. All of these factors are strongly related to management. Rank of the Four Steps of Entrepreneurship as per their Importance Each of the four steps discussed above are equally important in the entrepreneurial process since the process is incomplete and cannot lead to favorable results as long as any of the steps is missing. The decision to become an entrepreneur is the simplest step as all it takes is motivation and determination to make this decision, yet this step is no less important than any of the subsequent steps since it lays the foundation of the entrepreneurial process. Developing successful business ideas is just as important as the first step but is more complicated than it because it calls for the need of research and team work to arrive at the successful business ideas. Managing and growing the entrepreneurial firm is also equally important as the first two steps but is obviously more complicated than the preceding steps because establishing a firm takes the accumulation of many resources. Many people go through the first and the second step but stop at the second step and abandon their plans to continue because of the level of effort and practical work required in the third step. Likewise, managing and growing the entrepreneurial firm is very important and poses many challenges in front of the management. This is the most complicated step in comparison to all of the preceding steps because the real art is to survive in the business and sustain and grow it for a long time after the initial step of establishing the business has

How Milton develops Paradise Lost against Epic Tradition Essay Example for Free

How Milton develops Paradise Lost against Epic Tradition Essay One of the passages in Paradise Lost is â€Å"Answerable Style† specifically the Genre of Paradise Lost wherein the main concern of Milton pertains to which genre must be chosen and not just a simple matter to seek the story’s perfect medium but the writer’s anxiety in placing himself with the poetic tradition known as old centuries. With his decision in writing an epic, Milton was able to place himself in the writers’ epic tradition like for instance the Medieval and Renaissance poets Dante. The content of the Paradise Lost is the classical and epic conceits in the Renaissance concerning heavenly beings with the possible interaction while using the epic similes as well as the places and people’s catalogues with muse invocations. This means that the themes’ content is usually common to epics like for example war, its nationalism, the empire and the origin stories. Another passage in Paradise Lost is â€Å"Things invisible to mortal sight†, which means the classical epics of gods and goddesses and the desires including disagreements are mirroring the human but that of Milton is omnipresent and also invisible. Milton’s God cannot be compared to any individual because of His existence. In Paradise Lost, the story was inspired by the heavenly muse wherein fallen humans are unknowable. God’s portrayal by Milton became the subject of such debate among those scholars as well as critics. Still Milton believes in God’s power and yet explains the foreknowledge of fall and yet human beings may even fall to temptations because of free will given by God to choose and made a decision for them. This is not comparable with those gods as well as goddesses in terms of the epics in classic because of different views and beliefs but still Milton has his own presentation in his belief with God.

Results of Child Abuse Survey :: Primary Research on Child Abuse

The primary method was conducted using a series of distributed questionnaires to children for my research. The reasons why I used questionnaires are because I think I will obtain appropriate and honest responses which relates to their personal experiences. The data collected was then categorized by data into gender, age from age 8 to10, age 11 to 13, age 14 to16, age 17 to 19 and type of abuse. The surveys were equally distributed, a total of 13 surveys were handed out to children between 8-18 years of age that have been victims of child abuse/ neglect. The questionnaire consisted of 22 questions divided into five parts: multiple choice, background, open, rank order and attitude questions. The answers to most questions were suggested for consistency, and they could be ticked in boxes in a multiple choice format. This survey looked at two different groups of children, males and females. The aim of this research is to find out if child abuse has an effect on the intellectual and emotio nal development of the child and if it has effect on their adulthood. Primary Research Findings The respondents were asked 22 questions in the questionnaires. In the questionnaire I asked their age group, gender, who their abuser was, if the child was abused physically, sexually, emotionally, or psychologically and if they were mistreated because their parent or parents were abused as a child. I also asked if the child was ever arrested or charged for a criminal act and if answered yes then what was the reason why they arrested or charged. I surveyed The information gotten from the respondents is most out of 13 children 40 percent of them are between the ages of 8 to10 and 29 percent were between the ages of 11to13 and 31 percent abused between the ages of 14 to 16. I have found out that out of 13 children 6 of them are females that are victims of child abuse and the remaining children are males. Most of the children were abused by a step-parent or a parent. One of the important information that I have found out is that majority of the children were physically or emotionally ab used as a child at times and very often. Most of the children reported that they were either being mistreated by a parent(s) who were abused as a child or the abuser have problems with drugs or alcohol.

Police Response to Domestic Violence Essay

In 2005, the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that 1,181 females were killed by an intimate partner. That means everyday, 3 women are killed as a result of domestic violence. These overwhelming statistics also state that out of all the women murdered in the United States, one out of three of the murders are the direct result of an intimate partner. Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behavior that includes whether sexual, emotional or physically, that is imposed by a partner in an intimate relationship. This has been a major problem in the United States and for decades domestic violence continues to increase. We acknowledge that domestic violence continues to be an epidemic on the rise. According to Eve S. Buzawa and Carl G. Buzawa, reform of police action in domestic assault cases has been a recurrent theme for twenty years (Dunham & Albert, 2010, pg.137). Unfortunately, the traditional police response involving domestic violence assaults still seems to take precedent. Law enforcement maintains their reactive approach by means of avoiding interventions, screening out calls or sustaining the attitude that domestic violence is not a real crime. Nevertheless, the issue regarding the lack of presence and concern for domestic violence victims goes beyond the stereotypical reasons why law enforcement do not take a more proactive approach. The reasons may include personal attitudes, lack of training or even fear. However, when domestic cases involve minorities, law enforcement has been known to become suspiciously bias. Nonetheless, domestic violence is not only limited to male and female relationships. Homosexuals are also involved in domestic violence disputes as well and officers particularly avoid intervention in these cases even more than heterosexual relationships. In this report, we will explore the different characteristics involving police responses to domestic violence, the reasons why law enforcement hesitate in their response, and the different statistics involving intervention in heterosexual, homosexual and minority households. Avoiding Intervention We have acknowledged through many texts and the experience of our fellow officers that police work is a very mundane profession. The highlights we visualize on television shows are mostly for entertainment purposes. In reality, police work consists of domestic violence interventions, which also includes cases of drug abuse. Unfortunately, police interventions in domestic violence cases still lack a proactive response. Although today Domestic Violence intervention still needs to be revised in making calls of service more productive, it was not until the early 1970’s when making an arrest for felonies without a warrant were not legal (Doak, 2010, pg. 150). Only fourteen of those states allowed the same protocol for misdemeanors and since assault and battery is a misdemeanor, victims were forced to make their own criminal charges, which resulted in lack of arrests and lack of making a report (Doak, 2010, pg. 150). Fortunately since 2006, new legislature has authorized warrant less probable cause for misdemeanor arrests in all states concerning domestic violence cases (Doak, 2010, pg. 150) but law enforcement continues to show a lack of enthusiasm in making arrests. According to authors, Roger G. Dunham and Geoffrey P. Albert, there are several reasons concerning the reluctance to respond to domestic violence calls. The common issues that involve law enforcements lack of intervention include: Organizational impediments, lack of training, fear of injury and most importantly police attitudes. Domestic violence is misdemeanor, so in result police officers don’t think of this assault as a â€Å"real† crime. They avoid making arrest as to conclude that domestic violence is a waste of time. It’s common for police response to a domestic violence situation to lack enthusiasm or prolong making an appearance at all. However, fear is also an imperative reason that causes law enforcement to hesitate in the involvement of domestic violence cases. Until recently, police officers weren’t aware of the proper protocol in handling domestic violence cases. Also, in many cases the victim can also turn out to be the aggressor when an officer attempts to make an arrest. This can be a convincing deterrent in lack of police response. The most important reason I would like to discuss is police attitudes towards domestic violence cases and victims. The reasons I mention above are all characteristics that contribute to the lack of involvement; however the individual attitude of the officer places much emphasis on their actions. Victim Statistics Approximately 1.3 million women are physically assaulted by an intimate partner annually in the United States. In a 1995–1996 study conducted through the fifty states including the District of Columbia, it was found that nearly 25% of women were raped and/or physically assaulted by a current or former spouse, cohabiting partner, or dating/acquaintance at some time in their lifetime (American Bar Association, 2010). According to the U.S. Department of Justice, between 1998 and 2002, of the almost 3.5 million crimes committed against family members, almost half of these were crimes against spouses. Eighty-four of those spouse abuse victims were females. In 2001, intimate partner violence made up 20% of all nonfatal violent crime experience by women. In 2000, 1,247 women were killed by their intimate partner (American Bar Association, 2010). Two years ago my best friend was a part of these overwhelming statistics. For nearly three years she found herself in a very abusive relationship with her then boyfriend who is now the father of her three-year-old child. The late night calls I received kept me on edge because I just continued to worry when I was going to get that fatal call that my best friend was dead. There were numerous attempts of escape but like most of these women, â€Å"love† can sometimes be a curse. Fortunately, my friend was able to break away from her abuser. Unfortunately, turning to the statistics I mentioned above, all are not so lucky. Although going through that experience with my best friend was one of the hardest things in my life, knowing that there were numerous attempts to seek help from law enforcement to only be ignored angered me more. As I discussed before, police officers are not concerned with victims of domestic violence. At least that’s what many victims say including my best friend. Victims are not taken seriously because the misdemeanor crime is not taken seriously. Regardless of your race, being a victim of an intimate partner relationship continues to get the back seat. Studies have shown that certain characteristics do play a significant part of how a police officer will act to an individual call for service. In cases of domestic violence police attitudes towards women, different races, and even sexual preference has played a detailed part between making arrests and telling an abuser to just take a walk and cool off. Victim Characteristics â€Å"One in three women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime†¦Ã¢â‚¬  said Kathy Doherty, an executive director of an association named Between Friends (Chaney, K., 2008). It is very disturbing to be aware of these statistics and still lack the support from law enforcement to take the matters seriously. It’s even more unsettling to know that your race will play a significant role in how a police officer will exercise his/her own discretion. In studies I have read, theorists believe that when we evaluate the relationship between domestic violence victims and police response, institutional racism becomes a term widely used to define the relationship. According to the Macpherson Report’s definition: ‘Institutional Racism consists of the collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their color, culture or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behavior which amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people’ (Belur, J., 2008, pg. 428). According to Amanda L. Robinson and Megham S. Chandek, authors of Differential Police Response to Black Battered Women, stated â€Å"not only are colored women . . . handicapped on account of their sex, but they are almost everywhere baffled and mocked because of their race. Not only because they are women, but because they are colored women† (Chandek, M. S., & Robinson, A. L., (2000), pg. 30). Institutionalized racism is the very plague that has made police responses to domestic violence calls for service ineffective. Minority ethic women have not been treated fairly involving many accounts including sexism and racism. Today, gender and ethnic backgrounds are reasons for their complaints to be handled â€Å"differently†. According to reports made by the National Crime Victimization Survey and the FBI (homicide reports), Black females experienced domestic violence at a rate 35% higher than that of white females, and about 22 times the rate of women of other races (Newto n, C.J. 2009). Minority Women are not the only class that suffers from discrimination when evaluating proactive police response. The LGBT community has also been a victim of sexism when seeking assistance from law enforcement in domestic violence cases. Take this example from the article, Stonewalled: Police Abuse and Misconduct Against Lesbian, Gay and Transgender People in the U.S.: A gay Filipino man was reportedly beaten on several occasions by his partner, a white U.S. citizen, who was reportedly addicted to drugs and alcohol. When police responded to one altercation, they reportedly arrested the Filipino man and threatened to report him to immigration authorities, saying: â€Å"You’re not a citizen. We should deport you, you shouldn’t be hitting Americans; you’re not an American.† The Filipino man was sentenced to 52 weeks of batterer’s intervention in court (Amnesty International USA, 2010) This type of injustice is unacceptable especially in a place where our Victims Rights and Human Rights are supposed to protect us. Ethnic backgrounds, gender or sex should never play a significant role in how a police officer addresses a call for service in a domestic violence case or any case. Institutional Racism must be abolished from our practices of handling violent victim’s cases regardless of certain characteristics of the victim. Changes for Reform Luckily, we as a nation have come forward to not only address the problems involving police response in domestic violence cases but to also promote a solution. There have been committees and social groups, such as Battered Women Advocates, who have helped to spread the awareness of domestic violence. Also the Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment (1981-1982) has also played a significant part in finding a â€Å"far more effective way to deter future violence than merely separation of the parties or officer mediation† (Dunham R. G. & Albert, G. P, (2010), pg. 147). Although assaults and batteries are misdemeanors, provoking public interest in the issue can place unlimited pressures on our criminal justice system. Law enforcement agencies have developed plans and in-service trainings to make officers responding to domestic violence cases more comfortable and aware of their options. Training also leads to a decrease of fear of injury when approaching volatile situations. The most prominent federal response happened in 1994, when the Violence Against Women Act was passed to help the fight to stop violence against women. Conclusion Law enforcement plays a vital role in our criminal justice system. Although police officers are just regular citizens in uniform, we still hold them to a higher standard compared to the general public. We must understand that this country as a hold must work together to stop violence against women (or men) and the assistance of the numerous law enforcement agencies is more than needed. This report was designed to shine a light on the many issues surrounding calls for service in domestic violence cases. It’s not to suggest that all police officers are racist, sexist or homo-phobic. However, we must stay on top of the issue to better achieve in the success of stopping institutional racist attitudes. It will always start with that individual who is behind the uniform that is responding to a call. To continue to generate discussion will only make the issue of domestic violence involving police interaction an issue of the past. References American Bar Association. (2010). Commission of Domestic Violence. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http://new.abanet.org/domesticviolence/Pages/Statistics.aspx Amnesty International USA. (2010). Stonewalled: Police Abuse and Misconduct Against Lesbian, Gay and Transgender People in the U.S. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http://www.amnestyusa.org/lgbt-human-rights/stonewalled-a-report/police-response/page.do?id=1106617 Belur, Jyoti. (2008). Is policing domestic violence institutionally racist? A case study of south Asian Women. Policing and Society, Volume 18, Issue 4, pg. 426-444. Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2009). Prison Statistics. Retrieved October 27, 2009, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/prisons.htm Chaney, K. (2008). Domestic Violence hits Black Women Harder. Chicago Defender Online. Doak, M.J. (2007). Domestic Violence, Law Enforcement, and Court Responses to Domestic Violence. Child Abuse and Domestic Violence, 147-165. Dunham, R. G., & Albert, G. P. (2010). Critical Issues in Policing. Illinois. Waveland Press. Newton, C, J. (2009). Domestic Violence: An Overview. Retrieved May 16, 2010, from http://www.findcounseling.com/journal/domestic-violence/domestic-violence-statistics.html Robinson, A. L., & Chandek, M. S. (2000). Differential Police